Women In The Workforce Essays - Gender Studies, Gender,

Women In The Workforce Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the women's subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the women's movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races, classes, sexualities and abilities - in the 21st century these feminist claims for equality are generally accepted as reasonable principles in western society; yet the contradiction between this principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities between the sexes that still exist exposes the continuing dominance of male privilege and values throughout society (patriarchy). This essay seeks to move beyond the irrepressible evidence for gender inequality and the division of labor. Rather, it poses the question of gender inequality as it manifests itself as an effect of patriarchy drawing from a theoretical body of work which has been developed so recently that it would have been impossible to write this essay thirty years ago. Feminist Theory and Patriarchy Although patriarchy is arguably the oldest example of a forced or exploitative division of social activities and clearly existed before sociologists ever examined it, the features of patriarchy had been accepted as natural (biological) in substance. It was not until feminists in the 1960s began to explore the features and institutions of patriarchy, that the power of the concept to explain women's subordinate position in society was proven (Seidman, 1994). The feminist engagement with theories of patriarchy criticized pre-existing theoretical positions and their ideological use, tracing theoretical progenitors of popular views about gender, gender roles etc (Cooper, 1995; Raymond, 1980). Developing theories to explain how gender inequalities have their roots in ideologies of gender difference and a hierarchical gender order, feminist theoretical concepts of patriarchy are able to explain and challenge gender inequality and the gendered division of labor in the private and social spheres (Seidman, 1994). They have done this by challenging concepts of gender, the family and the unequal division of labor underpinned by a theory of patriarchy that has come to reveal how it operates to subordinate women and privilege men, often at women's expense. Patriarchy, Structure and Gender Inequality Walby (1990) reveals how patriarchy operates to achieve and maintain the gender inequalities essential for the subordination of women. Crucially for this essay, she shows how it can operate differently in the private and public domain but toward the same end. She identifies patriarchy as having diverse forms of and relationships between its structures in the public and private spheres, and yet still operates in a related fashion. Walby's explanation sees the household and household production as being a key site of women's subordination but acknowledges that the domestic area is not the only one that women participate in. She shows how the concept of patriarchy is useful in explaining the relationship between women's subordination in the private and public arenas by showing that they work equally to achieve this subordination as well as supporting, reflecting and maintaining patriarchy itself. Firstly, Walby points out that the structures of patriarchy differ in their form. The household has a different structure to other institutional forms, e.g., the workplace. This is an important point because if feminist theories of patriarchy are to stand they must show that patriarchy operates to the same end in both the private and public sphere, even if it uses different strategies, otherwise it could not be the main reason for the continuing inequality of women in both the private and public sphere. Walby shows that within the private structure and the public structures, patriarchy does use different strategies to maintain gender inequality and these strategies both achieve the subordination of women. The household strategy is considered to be exclusionary and the public structures strategy as segregationist. The exclusionary

Friday Night Lights essays

Friday Night Lights essays In the novel, Friday Night Lights by H.G. Bissinger, there are several prominent characters who display vivid and unique characteristics. However, one character remains dominant as a person with ethics as he battles with himself over the eternal question of right or wrong. This person is none other than Ivory Christian, an aggressive Christian who is always seeking the answers to lifes questions. In this novel, Ivory is shown to be aggressive, loving, and dedication to everything he does. Ivory was known to be one of the most aggressive people in the high school. He demonstrates this characteristic very well when he ignores the morning practice rules and tackles his opponent causing him to skid across the gleaming gym floor like a billiard ball hopping over a pool table after a wild cue shot. (page 111-112). This shows that hes willing to do anything to prove his role as the dominant figure in the group. He also demonstrates aggressiveness when the coaches take his position as middle linebacker away from him his junior year. He decides to play his new position as offensive guard as perfect as possible. This causes the coaches to remark his playing ability as remarkable... major- college talent (112). Ivory Christian grows up full of arrogance and attitude, however soon after he discovers the power of Christ he becomes a loving and charismatic person. After his conversations with Pastor Hanson, Ivorys attitude changes from being very arrogant to displaying rigid righteousness (page 114). This change is complete and he begins to preach at his local church as well as show more care for his mother who had been worried of him, until his conversion. He may have done this because he realizes all of his life until then had been lead wrong, and this is an attempt to reconcile for all damages he had caused. This also helps demonstrate his complete love f ...

Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrate Digestion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrate Digestion - Essay Example It is inside the stomach, where is it temporarily stored, that preliminary chemical digestion begins. Partially digested food then goes to the small intestine where much of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. The large intestine simply serves for the further absorption of water. Chemical digestion of proteins starts in the stomach. The stomach produces HCl which converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin is a kind of endopeptidase which splits the internal peptide bonds in the protein molecules. That is, it breaks the primary structure of the protein. As opposed to endopeptidases, exopeptidases split the first or last peptide bond in the polypeptide. Zymogens, a form of protease, are secreted by the pancreas, which in turn are activated by enteropeptidase. Enteropeptidases convert trypsinogen to trypsin, which then hastens the conversion of more trypsinogen to trypsin. Furthermore, other zymogens are converted by trypsin into their active forms. Carboxypeptidase is converted from procarboxypeptidase. Chymotrypsin is converted from chymotrypsinogen. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin are endopeptidases. Carboxypeptidase, on the other hand, is an exopeptidase. Protein digestion is a concerted effort of all these enzymes. Lipid or fat digestion occurs only in the small intestine. As a result, most fat/lipid molecules remain undigested when they reach the duodenum.

Write about an experience you've had that makes you who you are Essay

Write about an experience you've had that makes you who you are - Essay Example I thought of smokers as idiots who waste money to buy ash and smoke to inject the carbon into their lungs and ruin their health. I did not smoke because I could not identify even a single benefit of this habit. I saw the purple lips of the chain smokers and that drew me further away from the thought of smoking a cigarette ever. But there was something strange happening to me when I was sitting amongst them and not smoking when all of them were doing it. I felt stranger and disconnected from the group. It was a pathetic feeling. It seemed like I had been outcast or was socially excluded. It felt anything but good. I had an inside feeling that it would not harm me if I gave it a try just for that time. While I was struggling with my inner feeling and denying the fact that I wanted to smoke there and then, one of my friends started criticizing me for not smoking. He called me â€Å"a Mama’s boy†, and the rest of them joined him in making fun of me. Then one of them said, à ¢â‚¬Å"Oh common Jonny, I know you can do it!† They presented it to me like a challenge, that I was too bold to deny accepting. The group process overwhelmed me and I did take a cigarette, pursed it between my lips, lit it at the end, and inhaled it!!! I was not being myself and it felt worse than before! Group that an individual forms part of influences the individual and convinces him/her to do things that he/she would never even think of doing as an individual. Group norms and values are quite different and often in conflict with the norms and values of at least some members of the group. Group’s norms and values are established with mutual consensus of the more powerful, influential and dominating members. Passive participants in the group work have to abide by the norms and values thus established by the active participants. Their compliance promotes harmony and retaliation promotes conflict. Thus, in order to work peacefully in a group, members

Challenges Minorities Face Trying To Get Ahead in Corporate America Essay

Challenges Minorities Face Trying To Get Ahead in Corporate America - Essay Example As an initial matter, the barriers to minority success in the corporate world are well-known. A Glass-Ceiling Commission was formed by Congress in 1991 to study the barriers and to make recommendations. Robert Reich, the former Secretary of Labor, described this glass ceiling as "the existence of invisible, artificial barriers blocking women and minorities from advancing up the corporate ladder to management and executive level positions" (Good for Business, 1991, p.iii). The problem, therefore, is not whether such problems exist, for they most certainly exist, but how to remove the barriers to corporate advancement. The first barrier is defined as a societal barrier, and this type of barrier is considered to be outside the power of the corporation. This barrier refers to educational restraints and to stereotyping and bias, whether conscious unconscious, which affect minorities. Minorities need the educational qualifications to even begin to think about working for a corporation in a significant capacity. This, in turn, demands access to good schools, access to the money necessary to focus on studying rather than working part-time jobs, and a commitment by corporations, communities, and governmental organizations to provide minorities with the financial resources and proper education. This is a dangerous barrier. The lack of access to a good education can lead to failure in the very beginning of a person's life. The second barrier is referred to as an internal structural barrier. This barrier, in contrast to the societal barrier, is firmly within the control of corporations. This refers to a lack of commitment to minority hiring, training, and inclusion in the "pipeline" system of advancement. This barrier assumes that a minority has the educational qualifications for a particular job. Nonetheless, statistics demonstrate that minorities with the same educational qualifications are not treated equally. The Glass Ceiling Commission highlights this barrier, An analysis of 1990 U.S. Census data shows that Black men who hold professional degrees and top management positions earned 79 percent of what white men earn. Black women, also with professional degrees and in top management positions, earn 60 percent of what white men in comparable positions earn (Good for Business, 1991, p. 13). These statistics suggest that corporations are not doing enough to promote capable and well-qualified minorities within their own organizational structures. There is, in short, no disparity in educational qualifications. Indeed, the sole disparity seems to be in terms of compensation and access to promotion. The latter disparity, in a nation which prides itself on equality, is impossible to justify. The third barrier is a more generalized governmental barrier. This barrier ranges from the lack of data collection about minorities in private business to weak enforcement of government mandates and poor reporting of problems for minorities in the labor force. It must be admitted, in fairness to corporations, that their primary function is maximizing profits for shareholders. To impose costly and time-consuming governmental duties on corporations would result in dislocations of labor and inefficiencies. That said, it is the duty of the government, whether national, state, or local, to promote and protect the welfare of its

Development of Heat Resistant Chocolate

Development of Heat Resistant Chocolate PRALINE The term ‘cocoa’ comes from the word ‘cacao’ that is taken directly from Mayan and  Aztec languages. Chocolate has been derived from cocoa beans, present in the centre to the fruit of cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao, which originated from the South American region.(Afoakwa 2010) Chocolate is one of the most popular products throughout the world. The fact that it is solid at room temperature but melts in the mouth, giving a smooth delicate taste, makes it one of the most yearned product. From a more technical point of view, chocolate is a complex food made of solid particles of cocoa powder, sugar and milk powder in a continuous fat phase. The production of chocolate consists of multiple steps among which tempering are one of the most important step. During this the temperature of the chocolate will be varied to get the right crystalline form of the fat. Chocolate pralines are a lot more complex product since they also contain a soft  filling which will interact with the chocolate shell. Migration can happen from the filling to the shell which can result in structural damages like cracking. Another effect can be fat bloom which is a grayish haze on the praline surface. This occurs due to the migration of the liquid fat through the shell to the surface and crystallizing. Cracking and fat bloom are two major issues that lead to reduced shelf life in chocolate  pralines. The main suggestions for crack formation are that cracks form due to moisture or  ethanol migration through the chocolate shell, or due to an unbalanced distribution of  moisture in the filling that causes some parts to shrink and other to expand. (SLETTENGREN 2010) Most of the fat inside chocolate must be cocoa butter. Cocoa butter consists of different triacylglycerols (triglycerides), each of which will solidify at a different temperature and at a different speed in correlation with time. To make it more complicated there are six different ways the crystals can pack together. If the fat is present is not right or if the chocolate has not been crystallized properly, then fat bloom occurs. All fats are made of mixtures of triglycerides i.e. they have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. In cocoa butter there are three main acids which account for over 95% of those present. Almost 35% is oleic acid (C18:0) and almost 26% is palmitic acid (C16:0). Since the cocoa butter has few main components that it melts rapidly over such a small range of temperature range i.e. between room and mouth temperatures. POSt molecules are palmitic acid (P) in position 1, oleic acid (O) in position 2 and stearic acid in position 3. If the stearic and oleic acids are inverted then this would become PStO, which is quite atypical even though the constituents are similar. The stearic and palmitic acids are saturated acids i.e. the hydrocarbon chain which makes up the fat does not have any double bonds. In unsaturated fats this chain has one or more double bonds, as is the case for oleic acid. About 80% of the cocoa butter has oleic acid as the middle acid. 1% to 2% of cocoa butter has saturated long chain trisaturatedtriglycerides (SSS) where the saturated fat is mainly palmitic or stearic and the melting point is high. From 5% to 20% on the other hand consists of two oleic acids and is mostly fluid at room temperature. When the above two have been combined then fat of the cocoa butter will be partially fluid at room temperature. If the temperature is raised fat will melt according to the proportions of the different types of fat present. The property of to crystallize every time differently is known as polymorphism. As the structure becomes denser and gets lowered in energy, it becomes more stable and harder to melt. Polymorphic forms are solid phases of the same chemical composition that differ among themselves in crystalline structure but yield identical liquid phases. Because of their shape the fat molecules fit together with other molecules like stacking chairs which can be done in two ways i.e. via double chain packing and triple chain packing. There are basically 3 polymorphs (ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ²,ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) each with their own specific properties. The melting range and stability of the polymorphs are in the following range: ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The least stable polymorph will crystallize first and transform to a stable polymorph as a function of time. Cocoa butter has six polymorphs. However the chocolate industry numbered them as I to VI. Forms V and VI are the most stable and are triple chain packing whereas the other forms are double. Form V is good for confectionary products as it is responsible for the hardness with a good snap, glossy appearance and the resistance to bloom. (SLETTENGREN 2010) Mixing different fats (Fat eutectics) It is important that after mixing two or more fats the final product should sets at a suitable rate and has the correct texture and melting properties in the mouth. An unstable structure can form when other fats have been mixed with cocoa butter. Even though the fats are triglycerides it will be like fitting another size of chairs within the stacks. Disruption would be less if only a less amount of other fat is present. The actual hardness can be near to the expected one. When cocoa butter is mixed with vegetable or other fat in equal proportions then the softening effect is largest. The original vegetable fat made by Unilever and many other that are now in the market are known as cocoa butter equivalents. These are like cocoa butters and can be put in any proportion without causing any major softening or hardening effect. Other fats can be used only if almost all the cocoa butter is replaced and these are known as cocoa butter replacers. The vegetable fat should crystallise in the same way as cocoa butter (i.e. using the chair analogy, have the same size and shape chair) so that it can be added to the cocoa butter without causing eutectic effect. Cocoa butter contains palmitic (P), stearic (S) and oleic (O) on a glycerol backbone, with the majority of the molecules being POP, POSt, and StOSt. From nuts or seeds of fruits generally two types of fractionation are used to obtain the easy melting and the hardest melting fraction. In dry fractionation the fat is kept at a more predefined temperature and then by pressing and filtering the liquid part is separated from solid. In solvent fractionation the fat is dissolved in acetone or hexane. After this the higher melting triglycerides are crystallized and filtered out. The StOSt and the increased amounts of POSt are hard to obtain. By altering the proportions of StOSt it is possible to make the chocolate so that it will not melt until the temperature is several degrees higher than the normal cocoa butter, but cannot put behind the feeling of stickiness in the mouth. (SLETTENGREN 2010) Legislation: In June 2000, the European parliament agreed to permit the use of vegetable fat other than cocoa butter in chocolate. This directive came into force on August 2003 and for the first time, harmonised chocolate legislation across all the member states of Europe. A number of restrictions were placed on use of vegetable fat by the EU in terms of where oils should be sourced from, and what processing methods have to apply. To maintain miscibility and compatibility with cocoa butter (as is required by the EU Directive) it is necessary to use vegetable fats which contain a similarly high levels of these triglycerides. This means that a) these triglycerides would often need to be concentrated by fractionating the permitted base oils and b) the resulting fats would be needed to blend together to get an optimum mix of the three triglycerides. Even though the CBEs show equivalence with the cocoa butter at all compositions but they have been restricted to a maximum level of 5% of the total compo sition in EU chocolate.(Geoff Talbot 2008) Development of Heat Resistant Chocolate using high melting fat Chocolate generally melts at 33.8 °C when solid cocoa butter transitions to liquid and the crystals of cocoa butter are in stable form V. The development of heat resistant chocolate would allow it to be enjoyed in tropical and humid climates. Three main methods have been developed to make heat resistant chocolates: enhancement of the microstructure of the materials, addition of a polymer and increasing the melting point of the fat phase. The approach that is used for the development of heat resistant chocolates for this thesis is to incorporate fats with higher melting points. (Stortz and Marangoni 2011) (Stortz and Marangoni 2011) One specific example of this was done by Jeyarani and Reddy (1999) and focused on using mahua (Mahua Latifolia) and kokum (Garcinia indica) fats to increase the melting point of cocoa butter blend. The kernels found in the fruits of mahua trees consist of semi-solid fat. Conversely, kokum kernels contain a hard, brittle fat with a melting point 39-43 C. The oils are fractionated and then blended. After that these fats were evaluated for their ability to increase the melting temperature of and replace the fat phase in chocolate products. Fractionation were used to separate the stearin fraction from kokum and mahua fats because it was reported that addition of fats rich in 2-oleodistearins to cocoa butter can increase the solid fat content (SFC) , increase the melting point and decrease the tempering time of chocolate. The meted successfully produced a fat phase that achieved higher SFCs at elevated temperature than conventional chocolate. However, once the temperature reached 37.5 C the SFC of most of the blended fats was less than 20% indicating that the heat resistance of the chocolate would be lost at temperatures higher than this. Another attempt was done to improve the heat resistance via replacement of some cocoa butter with kokum fat. Kokum fat was refined but not fractionated. It was blended with cocoa butter at different levels. The chocolate had good sensorial properties. However, the heat resistance of the chocolate was not as desired considering the melting temperature is only 34.8C with 5% inclusion of kokum fat. Finally , the chocolate formulas exceeded some countries’ legal limits for inclusion of NCVF.(Stortz and Marangoni 2011) Gel Filling: Hydrocolloids: Hydrocolloids are a heterogeneous group of long chain polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) which are characterised by their property of forming viscous dispersions and/or gels when dispersed in water. Presence of large number of hydroxyl (-OH) groups increases their affinity for binding water molecules which results in hydrophilic compounds. Further, a dispersion is produced which is intermediate between a true solution and a suspension, and the properties exhibited are that of a colloid. Considering these two properties, they are aptly termed as hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids. The important reason behind the ample use of hydrocolloids in foods is their ability to modify the rheology of food system. This includes the two basic properties of food system namely, flow behaviour (viscosity) and mechanical solid property (texture). The modification of texture and/or viscosity of food system modify its sensory properties, and thus, hydrocolloids are used as important food additives to perform specific purposes. Hydrocolloids have a wide range of function. These include thickening, gelling, emulsifying, stabilisation, and controlling the crystal growth of ice and sugar through the basic properties for which hydrocolloids find extensive use as thickening and gelling. Hydrocolloids disperse in water to give a thickening or viscosity producing effect. This water thickening property is general for all hydrocolloids and is the primary reason for their overall use. Gel formation is the phenomenon that involves the association or cross linking of the polymer chains to form a three dimensional network that traps or immobilises the water within to form a rigid structure that is resistant to flow. In other words, it becomes visco-elastic showing both the characteristics of a liquid and a solid. The textural properties (e.g. elastic or brittle, long or spreadable, chewy or creamy) of a gel vary widely with the type of hydrocolloid used. The other sensory properties such as opacity, mouth feel and taste also depend on the hydrocolloid employed. (Saha and Bhattacharya 2010) Gels: Gels may be defined as a form of matter intermediate between solid and liquid and show mechanical rigidity. They consist of polymer molecules cross linked to form tangled and interconnected molecular network immersed in a liquid medium, which in food system is water. Food technologists use the word ‘gel’ for high moisture foods that are more or less retain their shape when released from their container. A gel is a visco elastic system with a storage modulus (G) larger than the loss modulus G†. Hydrocolloids form gels by physical association of their polymer chains through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic association and cat ion mediated cross-linking and differ from synthetic polymer gels, which normally consisted of covalently cross-linked polymer chains. Hence hydrocolloid gels are often referred as â€Å"physical gel† The knowledge of the conditions required for gelling of particular hydrocolloid dispersion, the characteristics of the gel produced and the texture it confers are very important aspects to design a specific food formulation. The formation of gel involves the association of randomly dispersed polymer segments in dispersion in such a way so as to form a three-dimensional network that contains solvent in the interstices. The associated regions known as junction zones are formed by two or more polymer chains. The gelation process is mainly the formation of these junction zones. Hydrocolloid gelation can engage the hierarchy of structures, the most common of which is the aggregations of primary inter chain linkages into â€Å"junction zones†, which forms the basis for the three-dimensional network characteristics of a gel. The physical arrangement of these junction zones within the network can be affected by various parameters like temperature, presence of ions and inherent structure of hydrocolloid. For the gelation of hydrocolloids, the three main mechanisms proposed are ionotropic gelation, cold-set gelation and heat-set gelation. Ionotropic gelation occurs via cross-linking of hydrocolloid chain with ions, typically a cation mediated gelation process of negatively charged polysaccharides. Ionotropic gelation is carried out either by diffusion setting or internal gelation. In cold set gelation, hydrocolloid powders are dissolved in warm/boiling water to form a dispersion which on cooling results in enthalpically-stabilised inter-chain helix to form segments of individual chains leading to a three-dimensional network. Gelatine gel is formed by this mechanism. Gelatin: Gelatin is substantially pure protein food ingredient, obtained by the thermal denaturation of collagen, which are the structural mainstay and most common protein in the animal kingdom. Today gelatine is usually available in granular powder form. Ref: website Gelatin forms a thermo-reversible gels with water, and the gel melting temperature ( Various factors affect the gel formation by hydrocolloids which include concentration of the gelling agent, pH of the medium, molar mass/ degree of polymerisation, temperature, ionic composition and solvent quality. Rheological characteristics of gel involves characterizing a gel n the basis of various parameters like modulus of elasticity, yield stress, shear modulus, storage and loss modulus, complex viscosity , gel strength and compliance. These parameters are usually determined by conducting tests like compression test, dynamic oscillatory rheometry, creep and texture profile analysis, etc by employing instruments like universal texture measuring system, controlled shear rheometer. Addition of sucrose results in an increase of true rupture stress in all these gals. The gel sweetness is related with mechanical properties of gel like gel strength, rupture stress, rupture strain and particularly with the amount of deformation required to break the network and its resistance to deformation. Besides co-solutes like sucrose, concentration of hydrocolloid, shear rate and temperature are also important variables that influence the rheological status of hydrocolloid gels. The blending of different polysaccharides offers an alternative route to the development of new textures. The major interest lies in the development of synergistic mixtures with improved or induced gelation.(Saha and Bhattacharya 2010) References: . Afoakwa, E. (2010). chocolate science technology. Geoff Talbot, H. S. (2008). Cocoa butter equivalents and improvers Their use in chocolate and chocolate-coated confectionery. Focus on Chocolate vol 19 n 3(May/June 2008): 28,29. Saha, D. and S. Bhattacharya (2010). Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food: a critical review. Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore 47(6): 587-597. SLETTENGREN, K. S. (2010). Crack formation in chocolate pralines. Stortz, T. A. and A. G. Marangoni (2011). Heat resistant chocolate. Trends in Food Science Technology 22(5): 201-214.

20,000 Leagues Under The Sea Essay -- essays research papers

Intellect, Precision, Courtesy; The Makings of a Leader   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ocean swells around you like a dust devil in a sandbox. Salt water fills your nostrils. The ship that deemed this fate upon you sails into the distance. You wonder, how am I going to get out of this one? Suddenly, a large metal object plants itself beneath your feet. A porthole opens and men carry you inside the belly of the large iron beast floating nether you. What’s going to happen now? In Jules Verne’s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, this is exactly what main characters M. Aronmax, his servant Conseil, and Ned Land the harpooner, were thinking. After a hefty six-hour wait of being locked in a dark cell, the door opens. A man who introduces himself as Captain Nemo, an obvious leader and a man of stature, claims to have built the submersible in order to travel the world without ever having to step back on the land which he so greatly rejects. Reflection on the qualities of leadership reveals how Captain Nemo’s character enabled him t o do exactly this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is soon apparent that Captain Nemo a man of keen intellect. His knowledge of the sea, the many languages he speaks, and the education he has given his men all contribute the success of his ship’s goal, to explore. Examples of his intelligence are rampant throughout the novel. In a burial at sea the captain decided to envelop the body, not only in a coral reef, but also in byssus to seal it for eternity and protect it from sharks. The uncommon understanding of the effects of byssus, or other plant life, demonstrates his depth of research. Using one’s intellect to benefit practical concerns instills admiration and confidence in those serving you. His many years of study also contributed to a broad knowledge of languages: “ ‘Gentlemen’,'; said he, in a calm and penetrating voice, ‘I speak French, English, German, and Latin equally well’ ';. Knowing many languages is essential to becoming a great sea captain for you never k now when or where you might travel. Nemo also has the ability to apply his knowledge into educating his men. It was his genius mind that taught them where to gather, and piece together, the components that would later become the Nautilus. All in all, Captain Nemo is... ...e in an inferior position to oneself. With his respectful attitude, the captain is able to put his “guests'; at ease. “The island of Ceylon, noted for it’s pearl-fisheries. Would you like to visit one of them M. Aronmax?'; Offering options to those with little control over their lives bestows them with a sense of power, however false it may be. A courteous attitude goes a long way to establish positive long-term relationships among those who may be spending extended periods of time together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many qualities are in force to make a great leader. Captain Nemo has all of these. His well developed mind allowed him to not only deal with the technological details of the submersible, but also to deal with those around him in an advantageous way. The smooth running of any business is enhanced by attention to the smallest details. Nemo had a great capacity for the minutia of both his life and his work. A successful business depends on the respect a leader gains from his workers. When the captain showed respect he received respect in return. The three prisoners could consider themselves fortunate to be in the hands of such a leader.

How To Be A Successful Overseas Filipino Worker Essay

How does an 18 year old International Relations student define success? I would probably define success as the attainment of happiness, but I turn to my great friends Merriam and Webster for a more credible meaning. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, success is a state where in a person attain a favorable or desired outcome; it may also equate to the attainment of wealth, favor, or eminence. In this assignment, we were tasked to write and research on â€Å"How To Be A Successful OFW†. We have heard different stories about our Overseas Filipino Workers, some of them are inspiring, but unfortunately some of them are tragic. In this paper, I would discuss ways on how an aspiring OFW be as successful and happy as the other Overseas Filipinos are, and how can their stories be as inspiring as the few we always hear in our neighborhood, family gatherings, sometimes even the local news! First, is to be a legal and registered OFW. Being an Overseas Filipino Worker is never an easy job, they work far from their families, a lot of them encounter ‘culture shock’, most of them feel isolated, and a handful gets into sticky situations. To be a successful OFW does not require them to do everything alone. The Philippine government will be having their backs, all throughout the duration of their stay abroad. As the whole world knows, there are tons of foreign employers who hire Filipinos for their dedicated work ethics and good english skills. This resulted to a diaspora of our OFWs in the world; and because of this, the government is doing their job to ensure that the safety, rights and welfare of these Filipinos abroad are protected. In order for them to do this more effectively and smoothly, all OFWs must undergo processes before leaving the country. Foreign companies are usually affiliated with private agencies. These agencies should be licensed and accredited by POEA or the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration; this accreditation would allow POEA to monitor and to ensure the safety of our OFWs. In cases of name hiring, where in a foreign company hires an OFW directly, a final step after getting their visa and working permit, is necessary for them to be called â€Å"modern heroes†. While processing their papers, aspiring OFWs would undergo a verification and evaluation process, and they are required to attend a Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar. A PDOS is a seminar that allows aspiring OFWs to deepen their knowledge about their host country, it’s culture, language and the life they are about to encounter. Another government agency that would surely help an OFW is the OWWA or the Overseas Worker’s Welfare Administration. Being an OWWA member has its perks, and the $25 membership fee is worth it; because all registered members can avail the many OWWA services that range from health care, disability and death benefits, scholarships and financial assistance for education and training, workers assistance and on-site services, social services and family welfare assistance. Also, PhilHealth – a government owned health insurance – is another government agency that our OFWs would want to be a member of; it provides an OFW and his dependent health benefits in case of illness or injury that requires hospitalization. Meanwhile, OWWA contributions differs from PhilHealth membership because it is the life insurance of an OFW while working overseas. OWWA, is also an agency that is tasked to protect the welfare of our overseas Filipinos, and in line with this they give constant reminders to our OFWs for them to avoid trouble abroad. The second way to be a successful OFW, is to follow government regulations and reminders to ensure your own safety. Nothing beats a safe and happy person to start the path of success. The Overseas Worker’s Welfare Administration constantly reminds our OFW to do the following things when they are abroad: OWWA advices our OFWs to learn and understand the host country’s language; for them to respect the culture, traditions, and practices of the host country. To follow their work contract; abide by laws, rules, and regulations of their host country. They also advice our ‘modern heroes’ to not carry, use, or sell drugs, substances, compounds and chemicals classified as illegal in the host country; they should not accept any hand-carried package from anyone unless they are sure that what is inside the package is considered safe. Many people have been arrested and jailed for carrying firearms and drugs without their knowledge. OWWA also recognize that OFWs must not engage in activities which are considered illegal in their host country (gambling/lotto, liquor/alcohol use, cybersex, possession, and/or sale of pirated video materials and/or obscene materials/articles); OFWs must not lend their laptops to friends and acquaintances who may use them for illegal purposes. The agency also advices OFWs to not live beyond their means and to avoid falling into a debt trap. They must resist to believe in get-rich-quick scams. Examples of these are text messages that you have won in an electronic lottery, e-mails offering to transfer huge amount of money to your bank account. Third, is for them to find a proper support group. With their family and friends thousands of miles away, loneliness will definitely creep in. They might also get a nagging feeling that’ll tell them to pack their bags and head back home. Fortunately, this is the age of the Global Filipino. OFWs may run a search on Filipino organizations that are present in their new city. The best way to build relationships is to go out and make friends with the people in your community. They can ease the I-want-to-go-home pangs by keeping their family updated. It is crucial to be open to your family by telling them what is happening to you, this might give them an idea on how they can support and inspire you in their own little ways. The internet can provide our OFWs with free tools to communicate with their love ones for free. The fourth way to be a successful OFW is to know where to put your profit. Figuring out a savings plan is already quite a challenge for the overseas Filipino worker who prioritizes sending money for household needs, children’s education expenses and debt payments. Although there is no â€Å"one size fits all† investment option that is applicable to everyone, every Filipino working abroad should save and invest their hard earn money. Unfortunately, according to the 2012 Q1 Consumer Expectations Survey (CES) conducted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), investing earnings may not be a priority for OFWs for now, as it reflects that only 8.5% of OFW households allocate money for investment. For our OFWs to maintain their hard earned wealth, they should always assess their income. OFWs should only invest in something if they have carefully planned and checked if they can afford it. Owning a property has so many advantages that many websites advices our OFWs to invest in properties. Its advantages includes the following; you can call it as your own, it has sentimental value especially it’s the first property the OFW bought. Also its value appreciates over time. They should also avoid spending on expensive items and luxuries. Buying material things such as expensive a watches or a brand new car, things you couldn’t afford before, is not advisable. There are stories that some Overseas Filipino Workers tend to be impulsive buyers due to the increase in income. OFWs sometimes ignore important things such as investing on income generating assets like bonds and government securities, which are absolutely important things to acquire for investment purposes. They must learn how to spend wisely. It is unavoidable to spend on unnecessary things but OFWs must try to control themselves when faced with that situation. They should always think of the main goal of why they need to work abroad in the first place and live miles away from your loved ones. They should also send an appropriate amount allowance to their family. Try not to give extra money to them. This way, they are forced to organize their expenses and make them prioritize, more importantly teach them how to fish and not just keep on giving them the fish so to speak. To sum it all up, this paper presents four ways on how to be a successful OFW. This includes that you go through the legal processes in which OFWs are required to undergo before leaving the country, this is very important for the government because it means that they can do their job of monitoring and protecting the welfare and rights of our OFWs smoothly. The second way is to follow simple rules or reminders given by the government. This is to ensure the safety of our OFWs in their host country, because there are a handful of OFWs getting in trouble abroad because they did illegal things like drug smuggling. Not only will it cause big trouble for yourself if you happen to be caught doing illegal things, but our OFWs must always remember that the whole country’s name is with them. The third point is to find a support group, being away from everyone you know might cause sadness, and oftentimes, depression; the diaspora of Filipinos all over the world may help solve this problem . Our OFWs abroad may run a search on the internet of the Filipino communities or organizations near his/her city, they may also utilize the internet to contact their families at home. The fourth point is to learn how to save money. There are a lot of OFWs who can’t make money last in their hands. Our OFWs should always keep in mind and in their hearts why they need to go abroad, and that is to raise themselves out of poverty, or in some cases make life comfortable for their families at home. In this paper, I classified success as the attainment of happiness, and I believe that these ways might help them with their pursuit of happiness. Indeed, being an OFW itself is a tough job, and being a successful one is a tougher task; but nothing is impossible if you set your heart and mind on it.

Nurse Staffing Essays

Nurse Staffing Essays Nurse Staffing Essay Nurse Staffing Essay Abstract Two major forms of staffing guidelines will be discussed, nurse-to-patient ratio and staffing by acuity. This paper will discuss the history of each staffing form. It will point out the benefits and negative features of both practices, describe how hospitals deal with staffing and discuss the states that have laws requiring certain guidelines be followed. Nurse Staffing: Does One Size Fit All? What is the one conversation that usually gets heated when talking to nurses? Bring up the subject of staffing levels on their unit. As a nurse assistant, staff nurse, charge nurse or nursing administrator, inadequate staffing creates tension and stress. When staffing is inadequate patient safety, infection rates, patient satisfaction and staff satisfaction are only a few of the areas affected. Many hospital administrators and lawmakers want to make patient care a numbers game. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requires hospitals to create a staffing plan that defines staffing effectiveness as the skill mix, competence, and effectiveness related to the services needed. (Morgan, 2004) When it comes to staffing, one size does not always fit all. Patients are individuals with individual needs and one patient with a certain diagnosis can take much less attention and time from the nurse than a patient of the same age with the same diagnosis. For good nurses the main goals during their shift is giving exception patient care and providing a safe environment. â€Å"The notion of high-quality care in hospitals is essential to public safety isn’t new. In 1751 Benjamin Franklin founded America’s first hospital-Pennsylvania Hospital-and commented that patients ultimately suffer and die without sound nursing care. † (Clarke, 2003) Nursing leaders are under tremendous pressure to lower costs while improving quality. (Carter, 2004) It is often found that hospitals during low census times or times of budget cuts will try to let ancillary staff go and assign their duties to the nurse caring for the patient. Nurses can replace several other positions in a healthcare setting but no other position can replace the nurse. Nursing is not only a highly trained individual but someone who is called to be compassionate, caring and dedicated individual. There are many reasons why staffing by acuity or nurse-to-patient ratios should not be mandated by lawmakers. Direct care nurses should be involved in staffing decision. Outcomes are better when nurses have control of their workload. (Anonymous, 2005) Adequate staffing must be priority for anyone involved in healthcare and there are pros and cons to both staffing by acuity and nurse-to-patient ratios. With our aging population and the increased age of the baby boomer generation nurses are going to increase in demand. Healthcare is changing so quickly and this also affects the shortage. The average acuity of patients has increased over the last decade while the nursing shortage continues. Nurse-to-patient ratios are supposed to draw people into the filed but there is a shortage of educators at present time as well. Many colleges have long waiting list for nursing programs, yet many nurses only stay in the field for a short time after graduating. Many universities turn away good candidates to nursing programs due to insufficient number of faculty, clinical sites, classroom space, clinical preceptors, and budget constraints. (Allen, 2008) We as a nation must come to a conclusion to deal with the nursing shortage. Too many lawmakers are paying attention to the staffing formats suggested above and not doing anything to fix the nursing shortage. Whether by acuity or ratios, for each nurse to take fewer patients we will definitely need more nurses. Staffing by acuity is a format used to decide how many nursing hours are needed for certain diagnosis or types of patients. Typically areas within a healthcare facility where patients are less ill such as rehabilitation and medical-surgical units, nurses can care for as many as seven patients at a time. Their acuity score is much lower than a patient in the intensive care unit or a step-down unit. Healthcare systems that utilize staffing by acuity are looking at the safe number of certain levels of patients that one nurse can care for. The down side to staffing by acuity is that many feel administration will influence numbers to maintain a high number of patients per nurse. If all patients on a unit were a level eight then most acuity systems would call for three patients to one nurse but if all patients on a unit were all level ones then a nurse could be caring for as many as eight to ten patients. Acuity does not take every patient encounter into consideration. For instance a dementia patient may have a low acuity based on the nursing care since they usually do not have indwelling lines or invasive procedures. Although the same patient may require a high amount help with activities of daily living, decision making and education. (Walsh, 2003) Thus staffing by acuity can be a subjective form of nurse staffing. When done accurately, acuity based staffing can be very beneficial for the nursing staff. Illinois is one of many states that have implemented laws requiring hospitals to base staffing on acuity systems and then report compliance on a quarterly basis. Illinois Hospital Association supports acuity based staffing over nurse-to-patient ratios. (Anonymous. 2008) SB867 is a law in Illinois that requires hospitals to base staffing on a model that has been developed by a nursing care committee made up of at least 50% direct care nurses. (Anonymous. 2008) This assures the bedside nurse a significant voice in the staffing process. It allows nurses to base their staffing on the work they perform. The model should include levels of care and examples that fit you patient population. At times, nurses will under staff themselves by simply not giving their patients credit for their true acuity level. This law and practice demonstrates hospital’s commitment to their direct nurse staff. Acuity based staffing is believed to take all facts into the picture. Nurses should be trained to develop and use their acuity tool to best describe the patients they are caring for, thus supporting the need for additional staff. Nurse-to-patient ratios are a concept that mandates a certain number of patients for each nurse to care for. Depending on the types of patients being cared for this number can differ. California has a law requiring nurse-to-patient ratios be following in hospitals. This law was signed in 1999 but was unable to be implemented for another four years. California state guidelines say that medical-surgical patients are one to five and in the intensive care units ratios are one to one. Illinois also has a law up for approval, HB0485 that would mandate ratios. â€Å"Establishing a minimum,  specific and numerical ratio implies that there is a scientific basis for determining the number of nurses to patients above which good outcomes patients can be guaranteed. † ( Flowers, 2009) This law would put even more stringent regulations on hospitals. California has seen many issues related to the ratios law. Ratios can cause longer transfer times for patients, increased ER bypass and postponed elective surgeries. California has experienced 12 hospital closures and downsizing of services since ratios was implemented. Patients are not all alike, their needs are individually different. Nursing units are different and ratios do not take into account the nurse’s level of experience or the physical layout of the facility. Many times hospitals will attempt to meet ratio laws by terminating such positions as nurse assistants and environmental services workers. So in reality nurses may only have four patients to care for but they are responsible for total care of those patients. The other strategy hospitals have used to meet ratio guidelines is to replace registered nurses with licensed practical nurses and have only one register nurse on each shift as a charge nurse. Under California law, nurses are considered registered or licensed practical nurses. HB0485 prohibits this by stating the nurse ratio can only be made up from registered nurses. Supporters of nurse-to-patient ratios believe that these types of laws will recruit more individuals into the field and retain our current nurses. According to CNA President Deborah Burger, the ratio law is a mafor reason why more nurses are coming into California and why RN’s are staying at the bedside. (Anonymous, 2005) The working conditions are believed to be better when a nurse has fewer patients. The environment is considered safer when more nurses are available to care for the patients. Nurses feel they will have more time for direct patient care and fully evaluate the patient’s needs. Individuals, who support both staffing by acuity and ratios, believe that research is needed to support both ideas. I feel that acuity is the most accurate way to determine safe ratios. At Union County Hospital, where I work, we use our acuity tool to establish a level for each patient. This is nursing staff’s first indicator of needed staffing levels. We also use ratios to staff. Once the acuity is finished the charge nurses takes the acuity of the patients, level of experience of the oncoming shift and also our staffing matrix into consideration and staffs the next shift appropriately. I did a simple study recently and based on our staffing matrix that the charge nurse can take up to three patients and each additional staff nurse should not routinely take over six patients, we met the staffing matrix 84% of the time. Of that 84%, only 12% of the time did the acuity call for different staffing levels and most of that was that the acuity actually called for less staff. We are a for-profit hospital and as a manager I have to validate our staffing to the CFO on a weekly basis. I asked the nurses to accurately and honestly complete the acuity, keep our matrix in their mind, and make the best decision for the patients. I also ask that if there are any circumstances that influenced their decision they should leave note of this on the daily staffing sheet. I think that acuity and ratios complement each other when used together, but one size does not fit all in nurse staffing models. Lawmakers and hospital administrators should not be making these decisions for nurses, the bedside nurse should be able to make an individualized staffing plan for each shift based on the patients on the unit. References Allen, L. (2008). The Nursing Shortage Continues As Faculty Shortage Grows. Nursing Economics, 26(1), 35-41. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Anonymous (2005). Schwarenegger flexes muscles on nurses. Australian Nursing Journal, 12(7), 29. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Anonymous (2005). Ratios: Savior or villain? Australian Nursing Journal, 13(1), 15. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Anonymous (2008). Keep Contacting You State Representative To Oppose Nurse Staffing Ratio. Illinois Hospital Associations Position Paper. Retreived Febuary 24, 2009, from ihatoday. com/issues/workforce/hb392. html Carter, M. (2004). The ABC’s of staffing decisions. Nursing Management, 35(6), 16. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Clarke, S. (2003). Patient safety series, part 2 of 2: Balancing staffing and safety. Nursing Management, 34(6), 44-48. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Flowers, M. (2009). Nursing Care and Quality Improvement Act HB0485. 96th Illinois General Assembly. Retreived Febuary 24, 2009, from ilga. gov/legislation/96/HB/09600HB0485. htm. Morgan, S Tobin, P. (2004). Managing the Nursing Workforce. Nursing Management. Chicago, 35, 4-6. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Walsh, E. (2003). Get Real With Workload Measurement. Nursing Management. Chicago, 34(2), 38-42. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database.

Subordinate influence ethics

Subordinate influence ethics Appreciating ethical issues and maintaining business ethics are crucial concepts in driving successful relationships at individual and societal levels. These values are also crucial towards business growth bearing in minds that ethical congruence is a crucial factor in guiding both the short and long term focus in the sustainability of a business venture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Subordinate influence ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Tang (2008, p. 249), ethics can be defined as the generally acceptable standards or rules that concerns social or personal welfare and which govern the conducts and operations of a particular society or organization. It is also evident business ethics take different forms and is commonly applied at all levels and stages of its operation and management. Scholars of organizational behavior like Ralston and Pearson (2010, p. 149) concur with ethical theorists and point out that it is crucial for individuals in a society both at micro and macro levels to assimilate behaviors that culminate to improved levels of organizational performance and productivity. As such, an understanding of subordinate influence ethics plays an important role of appreciating both self serving and pro-organizational ethical behaviors. While good organizational ethics behavior influences subordinates to enhance their work performance, I have come to acknowledge that poor business ethics forms one of the most retrogressing factors that negatively affect a society and national economy. Reported numbers of unethical cases have been out of bad influence, practices and undesirable behaviors by management personnel in organizations. The cumulative effect has been cited as one of the worst element to an economy. This has been compounded by spontaneous emergence of opportunistic chances for self- indulgent ethical behaviors and destructive ethics in an organization stetting A major question many researchers ask themselves is whether the perpetrators of bad business comprehend their overall impact on the society and economy. It is also definite that personal effectiveness is instrumental towards reinforcing ethical practices. The effectiveness of an individual at workplace depends on the communication system in the working environment as well as the ability to listen and to speak.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to observe that in all the communications that takes place in an environment, many people tend to get and remember half of what they listen, understand and believe. Additionally, personal effectiveness of an individual is greatly affected by ineffective communication that comes from clichà ©, jargon, inappropriate language and too much information. Also, there are instances when individuals communicate messages that are unclear and sometimes these can be as a result of poorly structured thoughts. This becomes a barrier to effective communication and personal effectiveness. Also, other barriers include a verbal messages that conflicts with a non-verbal messages, distractions from other activities or noise in the environment and misinterpretation of the intent or content of the communication by the receiver. Furthermore, individuals at workplace respond to stimuli that makes them interested, angry, sad or happy. Communication is of significant importance in creating such emotions at a particular time in the lives of the workers. Good communication would mean motivation and effectiveness which is the opposite of bad communication manifested by an arrogant, presumptuous and patronizing way of passing information that would exist between employers’ and employees. Pro-organizational, self- centered and destructive ethics Perry, Kulik and Zhou (1999, p. 341) argue that subordinate influenc e by an organization may lead to organizational beneficial behaviors among workers. Many organizations set sanctioned and prescribed standards for employees which play a crucial role of influencing their behaviors. Indeed, subordinate influence as Perry, Kulik and Zhou claims is critical for enhancing work performance in organizations. Employees under such influences will ensure that they have good working relationships with others, will behave in an appropriate manner and will put effort to accomplish tasks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Subordinate influence ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Using life stage hypothesis, understanding the dynamic nature of human personality has become a complex issue in the contemporary society owing to numerous factors such as nature, genetic makeup and the social environment that control and influence individual’s behavior. Sociologists like Galperin, Bennett and A quino (2011, p. 407) argue that human behavior, besides being influenced by the environment, is also controlled by certain aspects such as culture and common life events. In agreement with Marangos and Astroulakis (2009, p. 385) whose arguments on development of ethics concur with Ralstons and Pearson (2010, p. 160) argument , I would like to point out that understanding the complex nature of human behavior requires appreciating certain concepts such as human development, cultural competency, corporate culture and human diversity. It is agreeable from the analysis in the article by Ralston that human behavior in terms of both life stage theory and convergence theory denotes that gaining knowledge on human development and their experiences throughout their life period is important towards understanding the role of influenced ethics behavior. Park, Rehg and Lee (2005, p. 387) point out that behaviors related to subordinate influence manifests themselves strongly in certain stages in l ife. In agreement, it is evident that the young and middle adulthood stages in life are some of the most challenging periods in life as individuals in these stages grow and experience massive life developments. I would like to point out that at these stages, especially at the beginning of early adulthood, individuals become more focused and ambitious with exceeding hope rising in the corporate ladder. To concur with Grojean et al (2004, p. 223), individuals in this stage due to their ambitions become more self interested and individualistic than other individuals in the middle adulthood and later stages. This could be due to the fact that individuals in this group are offered with an opportunity to typically move to an ‘elevated economic and social status, begin a career, get employed, marry and raise a family or contribute to the development of society. These factors among others according to life stage theory cause individuals in the early adulthood stages to engage in destr uctive and self indulging behaviors.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, middle adulthood period as described by Valentine et al (2011, p. 354) is a time when an individual is at his or her prime of life. A person at this age is both psychologically and physically capable, has vast experience and wisdom in variety of areas in life, and may have a stable career in place. It is a fact that at this stage many individuals tend to become universalistic, collectivistic and more nurturing. As such, it is notable that even without organizational influence, their level of development allows them to involve in ethical behaviors. In organizations, the ethical behavior exhibited by these groups becomes organizationally beneficial as they assist in the realization of organizational goals. The model of cross convergence I would like to point from the perspective of the social divergence theory that the sole determinant of the various values an individual possesses at a personal level is the social cultural influence. Societal cultures as Klinefelter (2010, p. 937) mentions differs and can either be collectivist or individualistic. These cultures are crucial and potential in influencing a business’ ideology. Many different societies in the world today have diverse cultures (Essers, Bohm and Contu 2009, p. 130). In international business, culture plays a very important role especially decision making processes. Research points out that effective understanding of other people’s nationalistic cultures when conducting business in other countries is important for effective interaction. When properly applied, concerns, anxiety and frustrations that come with cultural differences are minimized. Using the model of cross divergence, it is clear from the perspective drawn for the articles that different cultures of diverse nations like the US, China, Brazil and Germany are based on different independent dimensions that include short term or long term orientation and individualism or collectivism (Tang 2008, p. 249). The arg ument points out that these aid businesses in predicting how societies or nations that host them culturally operate. It is imperative to note that the culture of a given society is the sum of its assumptions, beliefs and values. The man-made part of the culture of a society is influenced by the perceptions individuals have of their social environment. As such, a prescribed behavior of a particular society is shaped by those shared perceptions (Fritzsche and Oz 2007, p. 335). An individual may not be able to directly observe culture, but can easily infer it from verbal exchanges and daily societal activities. References Essers, J., Bohm, S. Contu, A. 2009, Corporate Robespierres, ideologies of management and change, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 129-140. Fritzsche, D. Oz, E. 2007, Personal values influence on the ethical dimension of decision making, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 335-335. Galperin, B.L., Bennett, R.J. Aquino, K. 2011, Status differentiation and the protean self: a social-cognitive model of unethical behavior in organizations, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 407-424. Grojean, M.W., Resick, C.J., Dickson, M.W. Smith, D.B. 2004, Leaders, values, and organizational climate: examining leadership strategies for establishing an organizational climate regarding ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 223-241. Klinefelter, G. 2010, Leadership and change management, Choice, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 937-938. Marangos, J. Astroulakis, N. 2009, The Institutional Foundation of Development Ethics, Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 381-388. Park, H., Rehg, M.T. Lee, D. 2005, The influence of Confucian ethics and collectivism on whistle blowing intentions: a study of South Korean public employees, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 387-403. Perry, E.L., Kulik, C.T. Zhou, J. 1999, A closer look at the effects of subordinate-supervisor age differences , Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 341-357. Ralston, D.A. Pearson, A. 2010, The cross-cultural evolution of the subordinate influence ethics measure, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 149-168. Tang, L. 2008, An integral model of collective action in organizations and beyond, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 249-261. Valentine, S., Godkin, L., Fleischman, G.M. Kidwell, R. 2011, Corporate ethical values, group creativity, job satisfaction and turnover intention: the impact of work context on work response, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 353-372.

Investigation and Apprehension of Offenders Research Paper

Investigation and Apprehension of Offenders - Research Paper Example Furthermore, it discusses the effectiveness of sting operations by considering the factors, which indicate that a case is resolved. Sting Operations use at the BPD The BPD adopts sting operations upon reviewing the findings proposed by Dr. Langworthy because of the significance of the tactic in addressing criminal dealings in the area. The application of sting operations necessitates the department to establish an implementation policy (Stojkovic, Kalinich & Klofas, 2007). Furthermore, the BPD needs to appraise and determine diverse practices basing on the objectives and logistics for completing such operations. The department potential goals of employing sting operations entail determining its usefulness in reducing crime levels. The department also focuses on approximating the potential number of offenders who can be arrested using the tactic (Stojkovic, Kalinich & Klofas, 2007). Finally, applying this tactic allows the department to decide on public participation opportunities in assisting the force in dealing with unlawful activities. The development of an operation implementation formula requires the department to determine the necessary inputs that facilitate its effectiveness. These inputs would include finances that the department uses in advancing sting operations. The tactic requires massive budgeting to cater for the property displayed on storefronts and finances used for purchasing other entrapment items (Lynch & Lynch, 2005). The department also requires investigative personnel as input into the operations. These will include trained officers that possess the acumen to sting criminals. Other inputs also include apparatus and buildings that undercover officers utilize in executing their investigative duties. These inputs are significant because they make it simple to acquire credible evidence that makes prosecution easier (Lynch & Lynch, 2005). This is because aspects of such proofs contain factors that indicate a case is solved by offering prima fa cie substantiation. The activities undertaken during sting operations also form a crucial component of the policy. These activities would entail well-designed operations such as installing items for ensnaring wrongdoers. The activities also include personnel working as salespersons or buyers of certain property (Lynch & Lynch, 2005). The personnel also execute patrolling initiatives for purposes of finding wrongdoers undertaking outlawed activities. Undertaking the activities take place through a combination of inputs that consequently leads to attaining outcomes. Sting operations also generate outputs that indicate the results of utilizing inputs in completing certain activities. Investigators outputs may entail the escalated arrests that take place during operations (Lynch & Lynch, 2005). Furthermore, taking away criminals property, stolen goods, and commercial licenses also forms outputs. The property that investigators obtain from wrongdoers is proofs that such people undertake unlawful activities. It is paramount to insinuate that such property finds use during prosecution and contains aspects that connote a case is solved. Other outputs also include videos recorded

Economic Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic Liberalism - Essay Example This paper declares that some economies such as Italy, Spain, and Russia did not have political freedom despite their enterprises being economically free. In the modern world, it is challenging to balance between individual freedom and capitalism due to the widespread interdependence that exist. An illustration is the dependence between farmers and consumers of the farm products. Capitalism promotes freedom in such a scenario by facilitating the sale of goods and services on a competitive market where all players have full information. As the report stresses government regulation is almost a mistake. Friedman believes that government regulation is almost a mistake. He depicts regulation being initiated by power-hungry politicians. The key objectives of these politicians are to target their reelection and formulation of red tape for their own advantages. Many of the government regulation are derived from the special interests of a selected few entities in the private sector. Some organizations in the private sector use the government through its regulation powers to tilt the market in a direction, which facilitates them making more profits than their competitors do. These entities therefore interfere with the government’s work making the regulations inefficient. Government regulations have put in industries such as airlines, communication, truckers, and railroads to make it very difficult for competitors to penetrate through the market.